List of Free Online Public Schools for Utah Students

Utah offers resident students the opportunity to take online public school courses for free. Below is a list of no-cost online schools currently serving elementary and high school students in Utah. In order to qualify for the list, schools must meet the following qualifications: classes must be available completely online, they must offer services to state residents, and they must be funded by the government. Virtual schools listed may be charter schools, state-wide public programs, or private programs that receive government funding. List of Utah Online Charter Schools and Online Public Schools Utah Electronic High School (off-site link)Utah Virtual Academy (off-site link) About Online Charter Schools and Online Public Schools Many states now offer tuition-free online schools for resident students under a certain age (often 21). Most virtual schools are charter schools; they receive government funding and are run by a private organization. Online charter schools are subject to fewer restrictions than traditional schools. However, they are reviewed regularly and must continue to meet state standards. Some states also offer their own online public schools. These virtual programs generally operate from a state office or a school district. State-wide public school programs vary. Some online public schools offer a limited number of remedial or advanced courses not available in brick-and-mortar public school campuses. Others offer full online diploma programs. A few states choose to fund â€Å"seats† for students in private online schools. The number of available seats may be limited and students are usually asked to apply through their public school guidance counselor. (See also: 4 Types of Online High Schools). Choosing a Utah Online Public School When choosing an online public school, look for an established program that is regionally accredited and has a track record of success. Be wary of new schools that are disorganized, are unaccredited, or have been the subject of public scrutiny. For more suggestions on evaluating virtual schools see: How to Choose an Online High School.

Essay about The Affects of the Attributes of Parks on Real...

Introduction Initially the question of the affects of parks and their various attributes on real estate value may seem an absurd question for an Economic Developer to think about. However, the value of real estate is of prime importance to the community and the Economic Developer due to the nature of land as an appreciating commodity. Therefore it is necessary that we study the possibility that real estate and land values could be modified by the a park. By understanding the consequences of these uses of land can be an effective strategy for passive Economic Development. Rather than making direct improvements to each parcel we change land uses near real estate clusters to change the values of many properties at once. In order to better†¦show more content†¦Public spaces that lack any form of green space are also not considered in this study, these are places like Fountain Square in Cincinnati that have little residential land use surrounding it. Non-residential real estate demands were ignored in researching this issue because it was assumed that only residential real estate buyers demand proximity to a location attribute like a park space. Non-residential entities should primarily be focused on factors such as infrastructure, spatial needs and accessibility as opposed to more aesthetic or resident serving attributes. Park shape, function, size and service area are also discussed. Park shape has to do with the geometry of the park relative to land uses surrounding it. Park function will always be associated with the types of activities that can take place in the park. These activities can include passive characteristics and active characteristics. Passive characteristics are non-intensive properties such as the presence of benches, good landscaping or other decorative elements such as ponds, gardens and artistic pieces. Active characteristics refer to things that people use such as playgrounds, fields of play for various sports, pools and pavilions or other activi ty hosting structures. Accessibility will also be discussed in terms of the number of people that will be able to utilize a certain characteristic of the park.Show MoreRelatedWorkbook Exercise 1 : Property And The Economy1545 Words   |  7 PagesWorkbook Exercise 1 – Property and the Economy Industrial Property Sector Description of Use Industrial real estate is one of the main asset classes of commercial property, built and used solely for business purposes. Industrial property is used for industrial purposes; encompassing all shapes and sizes and covering a large range of business types (Gilmour, E 2014). 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Maternal Filicide And Mental Illness Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(70) " female parents were normally isolated by fright of their ain spouse\." The intent of this paper is to look into and place the common factors that influence maternal filicide, and its relationship to mental/psychological upsets within the culprits. Filicide has been defined as the knowing act of a parent/guardian killing her or his ain kid ( Putkonen, Amon, Almiron, Cederwall, Eronen, Klier, Kjelsberg, Weizmann-Henelius, 2009 ) . There are two subcategories that branch from filicide which include infanticide and neonaticide. We will write a custom essay sample on Maternal Filicide And Mental Illness Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Infanticide is best described as the slaying of a 1 ‘s ain kid that is younger than one twelvemonth. Whereas, neonaticide is the violent death of a kid that has been born non more than 24 hours earlier ( Putkonen, et Al, 2009 ) . Surprisingly, this act is non uncommon and has been reported to take topographic point all around the universe. Previous surveies have found that filicide has taken topographic point in 3rd universe states such as Bolivia in under developed communities ( Hilari, Condori, Dearden, 2009 ) , and besides in states such as England, China and France ( McKee, 2006 ) . Although this act is practiced around the Earth, there is really small information and research recorded about the subject. Filicide is a really sensitive issue and is hard for most to hold an unfastened treatment about the topic. Past surveies include Putkonen et Al. ( 2009 ) , and their research on filicide in Austria and Finland. The intent of their survey was to analyze the common traits be tween filicide culprits and if these persons shared any psychological upsets. In order to carry on this survey the research workers had to garner all filicide instances that occur between 1995 and 2005. They examined factors such as motivation, method of offense, relationship between culprit and victim, and mental wellness intervention of the culprit. They besides took into history the poisoning of the executor during the filicide act. Other research in this country included the work by Kauppi, Kumpulainen, Vanamo, Merikanto, and Karkola ( 2007 ) where 10 female parents that committed filicide were examine to see the relationship between filicide and maternal depression. In all instances, female parents showed marks of crossness, shouting for long periods of clip without cause or ground, weariness, anxiousness among other symptoms that are common in depression. The research workers did non interview the adult females nevertheless were able to look into the similarities that lead to the slaying and the common factors after the act was committed. These two research surveies were examined in Finland and Austria. Hilari, Condori, and Dearden ( 2009 ) , besides looked at parents that committed filicide nevertheless examined the pattern in Bolivia. They explored two communities within Bolivia and found that unlike the yesteryear to surveies the grounds for filicide were frequently due to biological defects of the kid or societal factors within the community. Their research looked at how the autochthonal people of Bolivia justified the violent death of kids. Most frequently, the slaying of a kid went unnoticed as the kid life was taken within 24 hours of birth. Oberman andMeyer ( 2009 ) surveies the societal economic well being of adult females that have committed filicide. They interviewed adult females that have been convicted with the offense and found similarities in societal environment, household history, and instruction degree. Their research brings to illume a universe that is unknown to most other persons. The intent of their survey was to take the reader into the heads of these adult females and to see what the rational was when make up one’s minding to perpetrate the act of filicide. Their findings revealed that most adult females that performed filicide are non making it out of hate for the kid ; instead it was due to confusion and a sense of non being able to supply for the kid. This paper intends to look into each article in farther item and determine if there are commonalties between the topics and their mental province, their socio-economic environment, educational degrees, and household history. This paper will besides propose other patterns and resources that can be attempted by adult females who find themselves in this type of state of affairs as all signifiers of filicide should be avoided. Obeman and Meyer ( 2009 ) wrote a book that discussed maternal filicide and different interviews that were made in prison on female parents who were convicted of this offense. The writers explained how most of these adult females felt uncomfortable and would non desire to discourse it in general. Obeman et Al. ‘s ( 2009 ) conducted face-to-face interviews at the Ohio State Reformatory. They explained how the givens ‘ that were made of these adult females slaying their kids were non ever accurate. Their options based on their societal and familial systems were really restricted and limited. The writers explained how most of these adult females expressed themselves as non holding a topographic point that should experience safe, when it was suppose to experience like place ( Obeman et al. , 2009 ) . Many common factors were attributed to these adult females such as ; fright, economic want, isolation and deficiency of fiscal support. The female parents normally indicated a de ficiency of instruction, emotion and really minimum medical support ( Obeman et al. , 2009 ) . Physical, mental, and emotional maltreatment were normally early symptoms that these persons experienced prior and after the filicide were committed. Obeman et Al. ‘s ( 2009 ) identified history of maltreatment in the household that factored these adult females ‘s behavior throughout their lives. The book explained how these adult females struggled against the odds of being good female parents to protect themselves and their kids. In add-on, the female parents normally fought back against the power of maltreatment they were sing with their spouse ( Obeman et al. , 2009 ) . Most of the clip, for some of these adult females they thought that giving up was safer so contending back. The writers identified some external support that came from caring others. This normally gave them a self-awareness of their ain strength ( Obeman et al. , 2009 ) . The female parents were normally isolated by fright of their ain spouse. You read "Maternal Filicide And Mental Illness Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" Most of them were besides affected with mental unwellnesss ( Obeman et al. , 2009 ) . The book explains how the U.S justness system purely relies more on requital oppose to rehabilitation. In add-on, there appears to be more of a broad assortment of shelters for animate beings so there is for people ( Obeman et al. , 2009 ) . They explained how these adult females travel on a painful procedure to accept who they are, and what they have done. Many of the issues that the female parents faced was non cognizing where to happen aid, how to entree it, and whom to swear ( Obeman et al. , 2009 ) . Kauppi, Kumpulainen, Vanamo, Merikanto, Karkola ( 2008 ) besides conducted research on female parents that committed filicide. There were unable to interview the adult females in their survey nevertheless were able to recover informations on their mental wellness after kid birth, and household history which included opprobrious parents being surrounded in an alcoholic environment. They were besides able to obtain information on the kids that were murdered. Their survey provided information that indicated that none of the births were unwanted. When the babes were born, all showed good wellness and had no marks of upsets or malformations. It was stated that the motivation behind all filicide instances examined were non of selfish nature. Majority of the female parents believed that the universe was a bad topographic point and that it was non the topographic point for a kid to be raised. Six out of the 10 adult females in this survey tried to perpetrate self-destruction after slaying their kid. An of import factor that was discovered in this survey was that in most instances the individual responsible for the decease of the kid had a hard childhood with demanding parents and a deficiency of emotional support ( Kauppi et. Al, 2008 ) . The research workers of this survey besides found that more than 50 % of the adult females were abandoned by their ain female parents during their childhood. In the scrutiny stage, in four instances the femal e parents were diagnosed with some sort of depression such as ; postpartum depression, major depression and psychotic depression ( Kauppi et. Al, 2008 ) . Keeping in head, none of these adult females were convicted in the tribunal. In most instances, the female parents ne’er wanted to be left entirely with their babes as it would do symptoms to increase in badness. Other symptoms developed when the kid was left entirely with female parent which included but are non limited to hallucinations and anxiousness ( Kauppi et.al, 2008 ) . Another book reappraisal written by Mckee ( 2006 ) , examined the gender differences within the filicide population. Statisticss showed that within the population forty seven per centum of female parents were the culprit and 50 three per centum of male parents committed the act of filicide. Mckee ( 2006 ) found that kids under 1 twelvemonth old were more vulnerable to filicide than kids over the age of one. In the United Kingdom, future research suggest about 10 to 20 maternal filicide instances will be committed annually ( Mckee, 2006 ) . The United States averages 256 filicide instances per twelvemonth. Reasons for this high sum of filicide instances in developed states include economic want, lower educational degrees and a deficiency of resources that guide and help immature female parents when faced with postpartum depression ( Oberman, Meyer, 2009 ) . Mckee`s ( 2006 ) book discusses prevalence rates and old research completed on maternal filicide. In add-on, hazard appraisals an d direction schemes are besides analysed for this peculiar country homicide. Mckee ( 2006 ) discovered five wide classs of maternal filicide. These classs include rejection, mental unwellness, unintended, antisocial, and revenge. By utilizing instance illustrations, Mckee explains his â€Å" Maternal Filicide Risk Matrix â€Å" . This explains the association of the mother`s unprotected cell and protective factors based on two dimensions. These dimensions are known as phase and sphere. This tool must include hazard intercession points for each phase of maternity and gestation. Unfortunately, the appraisal is non through empirical observation validated. The writer besides discusses different rules and their strengths and failing of the â€Å" Maternal Filicide Risk Matrix â€Å" . He besides argues the sum of abandoned kids who are ne’er found and job specifying the cause of decease may be the prevalence of female parent who kills. The last article in this reappraisal, wri tten by Hilari, Condori, Dearden ( 2009 ) took a different attack to look into filicide instances. Their survey took topographic point in Bolivia where they examined the autochthonal people of two countries. The first country is Qaqachaka and had 38 communities participate in the survey. In the 2nd country is Ancoraimes which had 28 communities in the survey. The grounds why these countries were chosen are due to the surveillance systems that have been installed by the authorities to supervise the communities. The intent of their survey was to look into why households partake in filicide Acts of the Apostless. Unlike old literature examined in this reappraisal, the chief causes for filicide are due to biological and societal factors. Examples of biological factors include physical malformations and duplicate ship. In this civilization, when a female parent gives birth to male and female twins, it is seen as evil and is socially accepted to destruct both genders. As for the societal factors, the communities seldom excuse the liquidator ; nevertheless the life of the kid is taken within 24 hours after birth and is ne’er recorded. Often there is no disciplinary action as the slaying has gone unnoticed. Individual interviews and concentrate groups were besides utilized to derive informations. Findingss indicated that female filicide were higher in both countries, for illustration Qaqachaka had 14 deceases in entire, 13 in which were female. Qaqachaka besides recorded 20 times higher than neonatal mortality rate, compared to national rural norm. Some drawbacks to Hilari et Al. ( 2009 ) , research are that the communities surveillance under reported births as camera`s were non set up in individual`s places. Besides, information gathered from sources could hold been bias as many stated that they did non partake or witness the filicide instead heard about it through word of oral cavity. Discussion In most instances of filicide, in general frequently occur with immature adult females that come from a deprived childhood and low socio-economic position. Often these adult females lack the instruction to admit the effects of their actions. In most of these instances, there was a limited sum of resources and entree to seek aid. For female parents in these countries, there should be societal workers that are readily accessible to observe and mention early symptoms of postpartum depression and psychological/ behavioral upsets. Many of the restrictions that were common is these surveies were the deficiency of empirical grounds, and how many adult females did non desire to discourse the traumatic event. The fundss to convey psychologists and head-shrinkers into these lower income communities are unluckily non available. Weekly follow ups by the female parent ‘s household doctor would be a positive attack to placing certain behaviors that may take to temper upsets, which may ensue to filicidal Acts of the Apostless. Understanding each phase of the female parent ‘s gestation and parentage, these are the ideal stages to seek of import forms. To reason, this research has been reasonably new and different theories have been developed to better understand the rational of these murderous wrongdoers. Future research should obtain different methods and garner more information from past culprits to analyse and look into and develop proactive steps to forestall the act of maternal filicide. How to cite Maternal Filicide And Mental Illness Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Corp Journal of Corporate Law Spring

Question: 1. Critical examination of the main aspects of the concept of corporate veil. 2. Lifting the corporate veil under common law. Answer: Critically examine the concept of corporate veil Under the company law a company is generally considered as a juristic person. The result is that it has the same rights and the duties and can also own real property, enter into contracts in its own name and the company also has the capacity to sue and be sued using its own name. The result is that a company is considered as a juristic individual and mostly, it is considered as a natural person. At the same time, a major factor that motivates the registration of a company is the benefit of limited liability provided to the stockholders. As a result of this doctrine, the shareholders of the company are liable only to the amount of their shares. However, a significant exception is present to the doctrine of limited liability. Therefore, under some circumstances, the court may decide to pierce the veil for the purpose of looking through the corporation (Robert, 1991). This act of the court is known as piercing the veil. In such a case, the court can treat the shareholders personally acc ountable for the obligations that may otherwise be imposed only against the company. The principle of lifting the veil is invoked in cases where the distinction between the corporation and its shareholders has been blurred. At this point, it has to be mentioned that although a company enjoys a legal identity, that is separate from its members however the company can act only with the help of human agents. The result is that to main methods at present through which a company can be held liable. These are the direct liability (in cases of direct infringement) and through secondary liability (related with the acts of human agents acting course of employment). In this way, after a company has been registered, it starts to enjoy a legal personality and is considered as a juristic entity. The company enjoys an identity of its own and it is separate from the owners, shareholders of the members of the company (Farrar, 1990). As mentioned above, certain rights are provided to the company in such a case. Similarly the most significant consequence of the incorporation of a company is the advantage of limited liability offered to its shareholders. Limited liability has been introduced with a view to provide a minimum insurance to the investors regarding the investments made by them in the business and their personal lives. The effect of this doctrine is that the member of the company is liable only to the extent of the amount paid by the member for the shares owned by such a member in the company. On the other hand, the creditors having claimed that is the company can only recover their dues from the assets of the company and generally they are no t allowed to sue the personal assets belonging to the members of the company (Ford, Austin and Ramsay, 1999). As a result of this doctrine, a significant advantage was enjoyed by the investors as a cap has been imposed on the risk faced by them. Under these circumstances, it is clear that the companies exist, at least partly, for the purpose of protecting the shareholders from any personal liability regarding the liabilities of the corporation. The notion of limited liability emerged in England during the 17th century because before this doctrine, individuals were afraid of investing in a company because all the partners are considered as being equally responsible for the liabilities of the business. On the other hand, as a lot of capital was required for the purpose of financing large projects, and as a result much more money was required to be raised, the investors were not coming forward to finance owing to the risk that was involved in standing guarantee for the whole debt of the corporation. In Salomon v Salomon Co, the court affirmed the legal principle according to which, after its incorporation, a corporation is generally known as a separate entity. The rule provided by the court in this case is still relevant today and is applied by the courts. It was firmly established as a result of this decision that a company can act in its own right and name. Similarly in another case (Gas Lighting Improvement Co Ltd v Inland Revenue Commissioners, 1923), the court stated that between an investor, and the undertaking carried on, the company is interposed by the law as a real, although artificial person. Therefore the business that is carried on in such a case is the business of the corporation and similarly the capital used in the undertaking is the capital of the company and it cannot be considered as the capital of the shareholders, provided the company has been duly incorporated and it is not sham. Another legal notion established by this case was that under the common law, the shareholders can be considered as liable for the debts of the corporation, beyond the amount invested by them in the shares of the company (Ian and Noakes, 2005). Similarly, they do not have any proprietary rights over the property owned by the company. In this regard, it has been mentioned in The King v Portus (1949), for example that while deciding if the employees of the corporation that was controlled by the Federal Govern ment can be considered to be employed by the Federal Government itself, it has to be kept in mind that a company is detached from the stockholders. The stockholders can be responsible for the creditors of the corporation regarding their debts. Similarly, the property of the company is not owned by its shareholders. But sometimes, the court may decide to lift the corporate veil. This act is totally opposite to the concept of limited liability. Although, the idea of limited liability has several merits, it may sometimes results in the problem of over inclusion that maybe disadvantageous for the creditors. Therefore, it has been claimed that the law has over sheltered limited liability. When the court lifts the veil the shareholders personal assets may also be sued as is the case in a sole proprietorship or partnership. A registered corporation has its own legal identity that is distinct from the owners (shareholders) or the controllers (directors) of the company. However there are certain circumstances where the law allows records to ignore the rule of the limited liability of the companies and in this way, lift the corporate veil. In such circumstances, the members are individually held responsible for the actions of the company although the limited liability rule provides that the company has a distinctive identity that is separate from its participants. At this point, it should be noted that piercing the corporate veil is considered as one of the most litigating issues under the company law of the UK (Bainbridge, 2001). However before arriving at the decision to use the corporate veil in a particular case, there are certain factors that have to be considered by the courts. It is also worth mentioning that generally the courts are unwilling to do so and in this way, they like to maintain the sepa rate identity of the companies. However there are certain circumstances where a court may arrive at the conclusion that the separate identity of the company should be ignored, for example where they are acting as a single economic unit or for the purpose of achieving justice. In the same way, the corporate veil can be lifted by the courts when the argument of a sham or facade has been made and the same is the case with the agency argument. In this way, after the legendary decision given in Salomon v Salomon (1897), the courts have recognized the number of factors due to which the corporate veil may be lifted by the courts. The Single Economic Unit Argument: In the leading case titled as Adams v Cape (1990) it has been argued that in case of a group of companies, the basic principle is that each company of the group has to be considered as having its own distinct identity. But there are certain circumstances when this basic principle can be ignored by the courts and therefore, the companies of the group can be considered as a single company. Therefore in this case, the court arrived at the conclusion that the group of companies can be considered as a single company where it has been allowed by a particular law or by the provisions of the contract between the parties otherwise the rule provided in Salomon's case will apply (Hawke, 2000). In the same way, another leading case in this regard is that of DHN Food Distributors Ltd v Tower Hamlets London Borough Council (1976) where the court considered a group of corporations as a single economic entity and as a result, compensation can be paid for the compulsory purchase of land. In this way, these decisions can be considered as a "short step" that has been taken in the direction of the proposition that the principal provided in Salomon's case can be disregarded by the courts if doing so can be considered as just and equitable. However, these days, such situations are treated as very rare and at the same time, doubts have also been raised on several occasions regarding the decision of the court given in DHN Case, for example in Woolfson v Strathclyde Regional Council (1978). The Achieving Justice Argument: In the same way, the corporate been calculated by the courts when doing so is required in the interests of justice or where any impropriety has taken place. In this regard, it has been argued that the courts can pierce the veil if doing so is necessary for the purpose of achieving justice, regardless of the legal efficacy of the corporate structure that is being considered in a particular case. However in Adams v Cape Industries, the arguments made in favor of piercing the corporate veil in the interest of justice have been rejected by the court (Ball Jr., Matthew and Nelson, 1997). In the same way, in Trustor v Smallbone (2001), doubts have been expressed by the courts if the veil can be impaled by the courts on the basis of impropriety. Under these circumstances, it can be said that the veil can be lifted in the interests of justice if there is also evidence present to suggest that the Corporation is a sham or a facade. In the same way, in Woolfson v Strathclyde Regional Council (1978), the House of Lords had stressed upon the fact that the principle of the separate identity of a corporation that has been provided in Solomon's case cannot be disregarded whenever doing so is required by justice or equity. The Sham/faade Argument: As mentioned above, the Court has recognized in Adams v Cape Industries that it is well recognized that the court may decide to impale the veil and hold the directors all shareholders responsible if the corporate structure is only a facade designed to conceal the real facts (Easterbrook and Fischel, 1985). For example in this case, the court arrived at the conclusion that one of the companies of the group can be considered to be falling in this category. In the same way, the House of Lords has also discussed the argument of facade in Woolfson's case although the meaning of this term has not been explained by Lord Keith. However, regardless of the exact meaning of the term considered by the courts while applying this argument, it was clearly stated by the House of Lords that the Salomon principle cannot be disregarded if it is required by justice or equity. However, it is generally recognized as an exception to the general principle and therefore the corporate field can be pierced by the courts if the Corporation is a sham that has been designed with a view to commit a fraud or for the purpose of avoiding any present contractual obligation (Baxt, 1991). An example in this regard can be given of Gilford Motor Co v Horne where respondent was previously acting as a director of Gilford and had signed an agreement with the company that he will not solicit the customers of the company, in case he quits the business. Under the circumstances, the former director and his wife incorporated a company that was used for the purpose of breaching the terms of this agreement. As a result, the court arrived at the conclusion that the new company incorporated by the defendant and his wife was merely a sham or a cloak and therefore the defendant was liable for the breach of the agreement. However it needs to be noted in this context that the veil is not lifted if the new company has been established with a view to avoid future liabilities. In this regard, it has been argued by some commentators that in these cases, the piercing the veil is not involved at all (Griffin, 1996). However the argument of sham or facade is the strongest argument that may prompt the court to impale the corporate veil in a given case. In this regard it also needs to be mentioned that this argument is very close to the argument of fraud, although generally this argument can stand in the court on its own. This argument is available when a company can be considered as merely a facade or a sham. Such a situation takes place when the corporate form has been incorporated or used for the purpose of hiding the real purpose that the Comptroller of the corporation has. In Sharrment Pty Ltd v Official Trustee (1988), it has been stated by Lockhart J that "a 'sham' can be described as something that had been created with an intention to be erroneously believed to be something else or something that is in reality not but it imports to be. In this way, it is a disguise or a spurious imitation. In this context, it also needs to be mentioned that the argument of sham or facade can be made independently, without arguing fraud. The Agency Argument: In some cases, the court arrived at the conclusion that the corporate veil should be lifted where the company in question is only the 'alter ego' of its shareholders. In such a case, it is said that the corporation is the 'agent' or the 'alter ego' of the corporation's shareholders as in this case it does not perform its own business but it merely carries on business on behalf of the shareholders. In this context, an agent can be described as a person who acts on the basis of the directions given by another person, called the principal and in such a case, all the actions of the agent are considered to be binding for the principal. For example in case of corporations, in some cases a subsidiary can be treated by the law as the agent of the parent corporation (Farrar and Hannigan, 1998). For example in Salomon's case, it was stated by Williams J that the company can be considered as an agent of Salomon. But on appeal, the House of Lords arrived at the conclusion that a corporation cann ot be considered as an agent of its shareholders only on the ground that it was a one-man company. Therefore on the basis of this decision, it can be said that the presence of an agency situation is not indicated by the fact that all the shares of the company are owned by a single person. As a result, the facts and circumstances of each case has to be considered separately. Smith Stone and Knight Ltd v Birmingham Corporation (1939) is a leading case that is related with the agency exception. The question that had to be decided was if the subsidiary can be considered as carrying on the business of its parent company or in the eyes of law, the subsidiary was carrying on its own business. In this case, the two companies were treated by the law as a single entity. This case is considered as a significant case related with the agency argument because in this case, the significant factors that have to be considered while deciding the question if the agency relationship is present between holding company and its subsidiaries were mentioned in detail by the court in this case. However, it needs to be noted that these factors act only as guidelines and as a result, each case has to be decided by the courts on the basis of individual facts and circumstances that are present in each case. For example, it has to be considered who's going to receive the profit, who has the authority to appoint and another very crucial factor in this regard is to see who has constant and effective control over the business of the company. When affirmative answers have been given to these questions, it can be said that the group of companies has to be considered by the court as a single entity. In the end, it can be said that the decision to lift the corporate veil is still one of the most controversial matters under the corporate law. However in this work, an attempt has been made to discuss the principles related with the application of the rule of piercing the veil. For this purpose, the arguments that are generally made in favor of piercing the veil by the court have also been discussed. References Bainbridge, S.M. 2001, Abolishing Veil Piercing, 26 J. Corp Journal of Corporate Law Spring, 479 Ball, C. Jr., Matthew M. S. and Nelson C. S. 1997, The corporate veil. When is a subsidiary separate and different from its parent? Cornerstone Research Foundation Baxt R, (1991) Ultra Vires Has it Been Revived? 1 Company and Securities Law Journal 101 Farrar, J and Hannigan, B (1998) Farrar's Company Law (4th edn), p.75 Farrar, J. (1990) 'Fraud, Fairness and Piercing the Corporate Veil, 16 Canadian Business Law Journal 474 Ford, H. A. J., Austin R. P. and Ramsay, I. M. 1999, Ford's Principles of Corporations Law, 9th Ed Frank H. Easterbrook Daniel R. Fischel, (1985) Limited Liability and the Corporation, 52 U. CHI. L. REV, 89 Gower and Davies (2003) Principles of Modern Company Law (7Ed) London Sweet and Maxwell Griffin, S. (1996) Company Law Fundamental Principles (2nd edn), p.19 Hawke, N. 2000, Corporate Liability, London Sweet and Maxwell, p. 108. Ian R. M. and Noakes, D.B. 2005 Piercing the Corporate Veil in Australia, Melbourne University Press Robert B. 1991, Thompson, Piercing the Corporate Veil, an Empirical Study, 76 Cornell L. REV. 1036 Case Law Adams v Cape Industries [1990] Ch 433 DHN Food Distributors v Tower Hamlets LBC [1976] 3 A11 ER 464 Gas Lighting Improvement Co Ltd v Commissioners of Inland Revenue [1923] AC 723 R v Portus; Ex parte Federated Clerks Union of Australia (1949) 79 CLR Salomon v Salomon Co [1897] AC 22 Sharrment Pty Ltd v Official Trustee in Bankruptcy [1988] FCA 179 Smith, Stone Knight Ltd v Birmingham Corp [1939] 4 All ER 116 Trustor v Smallbone [2001] 1 WLR 1177 Woolfson v Strathclyde Regional Council (1978) ALT 159

My professional and academic goals related to wardens school of nursing free essay sample

My Professional and Academic Goals related to Waldens School of Nursing Perspectives I have been a nurse for 14 years, mostly in the Emergency Department, and have become aware of the growing population and the need for Family Nurse Practitioners (FNP’s). According to Walden’s University Catalog (DEC. 2013a), FNP’s are defined as â€Å"advanced practice registered nurses with the knowledge and skills to assess and manage health issues in patients of all age groups, from birth through senior years. † My goal as a FNP is to provide advanced health care with a holistic approach including: disease prevention, health maintenance, health promotion, restorative care, and a positive social change. I have chosen Walden University through high recommendations from my colleagues. They have enlightened me on the positive impact Walden School of Nursing has made in their personal and professional careers. Walden’s vision and mission statement reinforced my decision to become a part of the Walden Family Nurse Practitioner School of Nursing. We will write a custom essay sample on My professional and academic goals related to wardens school of nursing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page According to Walden University Catalog (DEC. 2013b) their vision is focused on a distinctive different 21st –century learning community that provides immediate solutions of critical societal challenges and advancing global good. My vision agrees that healthcare professionals need to focus on advanced 21st century technology and the societal challenges that arise and promote a positive social change. Walden University Catalog (DEC.2013b) defines positive social change â€Å"as a deliberate process of creating and applying ideas, strategies, and actions to promote the worth, dignity, and development of individuals, communities, organizations, institutions, cultures, and societies. Positive social change results in the improvement of human and social conditions. † I plan to implement social change with the knowledge and education that the Walden School of Nursing provides while supporting and recognizing the many cultures in the community.

Free Essays on A White Heron

Short Stories can be interpreted in Many Ways Any type of literary work can contain secret messages throughout the story, and it’s up to the reader to analyze and figure these hidden messages out. Some stories contain themes that are obvious, but that doesn’t mean that they don’t have other underlying themes. If the reader reads a literary piece more than once, then they’re apt to pick up much more than when they read it first. In Sarah Ornes Jewetts’, A White Heron, it sounds like a simple story at first, but once it’s analyzed and picked apart, there are many more aspects to the story that are revealed. This story is about an innocent, naà ¯ve girl named Sylvia who matures throughout the story and realizes the importance of keeping the secret of the white heron. When the reader first starts to read A White Heron, it sounds like a simple story about a young, curious girl living with her grandmother on a farm, and a bird hunter who is looking for a heron that the young girl has seen before. This hunter is willing to pay anyone who shows him where the heron is located ten dollars, because the Heron is a very valuable bird that usually isn’t found in that climate. The little girl locates the nest of the herring, but decides not to tell the hunter. After that scene the story ends. Sylvia, the little girl in this story, is portrayed as a young, innocent, curious girl who is discovering the world. By the end of this story, it is quite clear that she has matured a great deal for a nine year old. Sylvia started establishing morals that she will live by for the rest of her life. In the beginning of the short story, A White Heron, Sylvia was very much afraid of the woods which were in the back of her grandmother’s farm house. â€Å"They were going away from the western light, and striking deep into the dark woods..† (Jewett, 183). Her grandmother always warned her about the dangers of the woods, and never to go... Free Essays on A White Heron Free Essays on A White Heron The short story â€Å"A White Heron† written by Sarah Orne Jewett is the story of a young girl and how she becomes her own person in a time when women were supposed to be loyal like dogs toward men. The current views and the beginning of change in those views that some of society held towards the independence of women in the late 1800s can be seen through the character portrayals in â€Å"A White Heron.† In the opening of the story, Sylvia is alone in the woods driving home her cow when she runs into a young man. As the man approaches she refers to him as the enemy, and in a way he is. In the story Sylvia, her grandmother, and even the female cow are living a life that is free of males, yet happy. Suddenly, in comes this hunter to throw off the balance of the independent and female dominant life Sylvia knows. When Sylvia and the hunter return to Sylvia’s grandmother, Mrs. Tilley’s house Sylvia believed Mrs. Tilley had misunderstood the situation and made a mistake in allowing him to stay. The story also showed change when it mentioned the awakening of Mrs. Tilley’s â€Å"long slumbering hospitality,† reminding the reader of how secluded the women were (Charters, 391). Jewett shows men as being proud and always in search of a prize, rather than companionship. When the hunter began to converse with Mrs. Tilley he claimed a love for birds and that he had a great collection of them, in this way he wanted the birds as a prize he could display rather than a companion or friend. With this character and his display of stuffed dead birds, it relates how women were also viewed in this time. In this time women could be considered prizes, part of a man’s belongings to be displayed and admired. It can also be said that women were not expected to really live their life, but instead to become dead inside like the birds were dead. Love for men was similar to ownership. In the story Mrs. Tilley is an older woman who is easily able to rever... Free Essays on A White Heron How does an individual discover ones self? What might a person give up in order to do so? Sylvia, a character from Sarah Orne Jewett’s short story, A White Heron, goes through a plethora of events and personal decision making while unknowingly finding herself. Mrs. Tilley, Sylvia’s grandmother, chose Sylvia to live with on a farm in New England near the woods. Mrs. Tilley thinks Sylvia takes after Dan, her only child still alive other than Sylvia’s mother. Sylvia promptly fell in love with the countryside and would never wish to go home. Whether Sylvia was at home or on the farm, she always did choirs around the house to help out. Miss Moolly, an old clever cow, had to be walked back through the woods into the barn. Knowing how difficult this really was, Sylvia decided to give it a try. After a quick game of hide and go seek, Miss Moolly and Sylvia were on the path and on their way. As the cow stopped for a drink of water, Sylvia heard a loud whistle. She left the cow and attempted to hide behind a bush, but it was too late. A young man spotted her and asked her if she could tell him the way to the main road or where he could find a place to stay the night. Cautiously, Sylvia brings the young man back to grandma’s house. Mrs. Tilley welcomes the gentlemen with a meal and a room to stay in. After dinner the young man and Mrs. Tilley have a conversation about why the young man is out in the woods. The young man explains that he is a bird collector and only needs one more bird, a White Heron, to complet ! e his collection. The man offers Mrs. Tilley ten dollars for any assistance he might get. Immediately the grandmother explains to the man that Sylvia knows where to find such a bird, and she can help him find it. While listening in on the conversation, Sylvia finds herself in a bind. Sylvia knows that her grandmother needs the money, but she also realizes she is the only hope in completing the young man’s coll... Free Essays on A White Heron Short Stories can be interpreted in Many Ways Any type of literary work can contain secret messages throughout the story, and it’s up to the reader to analyze and figure these hidden messages out. Some stories contain themes that are obvious, but that doesn’t mean that they don’t have other underlying themes. If the reader reads a literary piece more than once, then they’re apt to pick up much more than when they read it first. In Sarah Ornes Jewetts’, A White Heron, it sounds like a simple story at first, but once it’s analyzed and picked apart, there are many more aspects to the story that are revealed. This story is about an innocent, naà ¯ve girl named Sylvia who matures throughout the story and realizes the importance of keeping the secret of the white heron. When the reader first starts to read A White Heron, it sounds like a simple story about a young, curious girl living with her grandmother on a farm, and a bird hunter who is looking for a heron that the young girl has seen before. This hunter is willing to pay anyone who shows him where the heron is located ten dollars, because the Heron is a very valuable bird that usually isn’t found in that climate. The little girl locates the nest of the herring, but decides not to tell the hunter. After that scene the story ends. Sylvia, the little girl in this story, is portrayed as a young, innocent, curious girl who is discovering the world. By the end of this story, it is quite clear that she has matured a great deal for a nine year old. Sylvia started establishing morals that she will live by for the rest of her life. In the beginning of the short story, A White Heron, Sylvia was very much afraid of the woods which were in the back of her grandmother’s farm house. â€Å"They were going away from the western light, and striking deep into the dark woods..† (Jewett, 183). Her grandmother always warned her about the dangers of the woods, and never to go...

DID THE US OR SOVIET UNION CAUSE THE 1962 CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS Essay

DID THE US OR SOVIET UNION CAUSE THE 1962 CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS - Essay Example Germination of political conflict between these two nations commenced since very aftermath the World War II. During the Second World War, United States and Soviet Union, mutually, played leading role in putting an end to the terror and devastation of the Third Reich. However, end of the War helped them to evolve as two superpowers, capable of dominating the entire global politics. While the United States emerged as a titan among Western nations, the Soviet Union became its Eastern answer1. The conflict of power became inevitable as both nations were trying to prove their respective supremacy and rather than providing priority to the development of international political situation, they took further interest in opposing each other’s policies.2 The conflict between United States and Soviet Union also commenced on a different ground that is their respective ideology towards socio-cultural and socio-economic aspects. While capitalism dominated the ways of American approach towards determining the nature of socio-political factors, socialist approach was adopted by the Soviet Union to earn support of nations in their favor. During the post World War II period, United States not only made aggressive attempts to receive control over political and economic affairs in the international context, consequently, with an intention to reduce power and support of the Soviet Union, it tried to point out the flaws in the socialism that Soviet Union was trying to assert. Soviet Union, on the other hand, also vehemently criticized American tendency of economic imperialism and attempted to assert that socialism is the only way to survive the grasp of American capitalist aggression.3 Result of such attacking and counter attacking became more evident as the entire domain of international politics was divided into two specific groups: â€Å"On one side were the

GDP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

GDP - Essay Example Firstly, it fails to include harmful side effects in its calculations. For instance, economic â€Å"bads† like pollution are excluded in GDP statistics. This, therefore, implies that GDP fails to take into account the social well-being of individuals as it ignores activities that affect people’s living standards. Secondly, GDP fails to take into account leisure or human costs as well as the revenue that is generated during such times. Additionally, no consideration is given to how hard individual work to produce output (Mankiw, 2012). The GDP measure also fails to take into accounts things such as love, volunteering, vibrant and supportive community and friendships even though they contribute to social well-being of individuals. Finally, GDP statistics does not take into account underground economy. These are cash transactions that occur outside of recorded marketplaces, and they can be both legal and illegal. Legal ones are undertaken to avoid taxes while illegal ones include trafficking in illegal drugs (Baumol & Blinder, 2011).   Yes, economic growth and productivity can align to Saint Leos Core Values. For instance, a country needs to put in place some policies in order to achieve high economic growth. First, the citizens need to be responsible stewards. They need to use the resources they are endowed with efficiently, effectively and economically. By putting the little resources they may be endowed with to maximum use, they will ensure that there are little or no wastages at all. Secondly, the country’s leadership should be of high integrity. This will ensure that the country excels economically and lives its goals by being consistent in economic performance. Finally, an increase in GDP indicates an economic growth that in turn results in a collective growth in well-being. Leaders should strive to create a socially responsible environment that is able to challenge every

Immigration Issue of the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 14

Immigration Issue of the United States - Essay Example Population growth is an essential role in a healthy economy. Statistically, immigrants and their families will account for sixty percent of the United States’ population after forty years (Pawlick and Finley 2). With this huge number, the US could take advantage of them by providing them and their children the amenities they need to live their social life normally. Giving proper and quality education to the migrant children will reflect positively in the future of the country. The educated migrant generation can create a diverse human resource environment locally, which will eventually address and eliminate cultural issues like racism very effectively. Similarly, they will follow the social norms and traditional values of the US better than the Native Americans for want of proving that they deserve to live with dignity in the country by ensuring their civil and political rights as citizens of the US. These points show that the increasing number of immigrants is going to affect many aspects in a positive way for the United States. One of the biggest legal issues about migration is the absence of necessary documents held by the migrants in order to become an American citizen. These people use others’ documents and Social Security numbers to avoid troubles or deporting (Pawlick and Finley 3). The legal complications related to falsification or forging of documents will lead to the arrest of the migrant, and in case of couples or individuals with children, this situation will grow riskier impacts. From my perspective, the government should make it easier for immigrants to attain official documents in order to address this issue appropriately.  

CALPUFF-CALMET Modeling System

CALPUFF-CALMET Modeling System 1. Introduction Nowadays, due to the fast expansion of industrial development and population increase, air pollution has become one of the most serious problems in the world, especially in large cities and consequently, the problem of air pollution and its control has become increasingly. Fossil fuel combustion, especially which based on oil and coal is one of the major causes of the environmental problems affecting both local and global levels. However, several countries are still using fossil fuels as primary energy, especially in developing countries. Electricity consumption in Iran has experienced a considerable growth during recent years because of economical development, industrialization and population increase. In 1973, electric energy generation per capita was 310 kWh, which increased to 2935 kWh in 2008. Electricity generation using fossil fuels has destructive effects on environment. Due to Irans environmental conditions, electricity generation is mainly performed by thermal power plants, so that near 85% of the required electric energy is produced by thermal power plants. Gas-fired power plants are the dominant part which accounted up to 62% of total power generation. Oil-fired power plants generated 22.4% and 14.7% produced from hydroelectric plants. Although hydroelectric plants make 14.7% proportion of plants in Iran, these plants have generated only 5.1% of the power due to a fall in precipitation over the past few years. Natural gas (71.3%) is the largest source of fuel for electricity generation followed by heavy oil (15.8%) and gas oil (12.4%). Although, the main fuel of power plants is gas, the environmental problems are still concerned Air quality is a major determinant of human health. Meteorology plays a great role in determining air quality changes downwind of emission sources. Both the wind and atmospheric stability greatly affect dispersion conditions. Local influences due to terrain and land-cover factors can also be important. Air dispersion and deposition models are tools for estimating concentrations of air pollutants and deposition rates due to industrial or other emission sources (Prince Rupert Airshed Study). Air quality models are instrumental in providing valuable insights into the processes involved in the transport, dispersion and chemical transformation of pollutants in the atmosphere .These models use mathematical equations and numerical methods to describe the concepts involved in the atmosphere. In recent years, CALPUFF model has good performance in the simulation of many kinds of pollutants under complicated topography, especially in the area larger than 50 km. CALPUFF can be run in any specific location around the world, and for any modeling type period selected by the user. Due to its flexibility, CALPUFF has been used in several research studies. Over the past years, several CALPUFF-aided case studies have been published. Shiyao Li et al. (2016) used CALPUFF model to simulate the spatial distribution of sulfur dioxide in Urumqi and analyzes the source contribution to areas where the SO2 concentration is high. Prueksakorn et al. (2014) applied WRF/CALPUFF modeling system and multimonitoring methods to investigate the effect of seasonal variations on odor dispersion in Changwon City of South Korea. Abdul-Wahab et al. (2011) used CALPUFF software to measure and simulate the dispersion of sulfur dioxide (SO2) at the Mina Al-Fahal Refinery in the Sultanate of Oman. Abdul-Wahab et al. (2013) used CALPUFF to study the effect of meteorological conditions on the dispersion of an accidental release of hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Abdul-Wahab et al. (2015) applied CALPUFF to assess the quality of the proposed Miller Braeside quarry expansion in Canada. Hyung-Don Lee et al. (2014) used WRF-CALPUFF software to simulate concentration distributi ons of typical air pollutants (PM10 and SO2) in the Ulsan Petrochemical Industrial Complex (UPIC), and statistics are computed to determine the models ability to simulate observations. In this study, a CALMET diagnostic model nested to WRF model simulation is evaluated by comparison to surface air measurements, along specific periods. Then the CALPUFF dispersion model was used to simulate and predict the concentration of SO2, NOX, CO and PM10 that are emitted from the Shahid-Montazeri power plant (SMPP) of Esfahan, Iran.   The main goal of this study is to evaluate the capability of the CALPUFF model to simulate the concentrations of SO2, NOX, CO and PM10 in the nearby of power plant for special topographical and climatological conditions of the study area. First, the amounts of pollution exhausted from the stacks and the ambient concentrations of pollution due to the emitted gases from the stacks of Shahid-Montazeri power plant have been monitored in four receptors (Figure 1). Then the ambient concentration levels of pollution have been simulated for the receptors, using CALPPUF Lagrangian Gaussian puff model. Finally, the comparison of model prediction results and the monitored concentrations have been done through statistical analysis. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2. Model description Technical description of CALPUFF-CALMET modeling system CALPUFF is one of the US Environmental Protection Agencys (EPA) preferred models for assessing transport of pollutants and their effects, on a case-by-case basis, or for certain near-field applications involving complex meteorological conditions. The modeling system consists of three main components and a set of preprocessing and post processing programs. The main components of the modeling system are CALMET (a diagnostic 3-dimensional meteorological model), CALPUFF (an air quality dispersion model) and CALPOST (a post processing package). CALMET is a diagnostic meteorological model which can make use of topography, land type, meteorological observation data and meteorological simulation data to diagnosis of wind and temperature fields based on the mass conservation equation. Besides the wind and temperature fields, CALMET determines the 2D fields of micro meteorological variables needed to carry out dispersion simulations (mixing height, Monin Obukhov length, friction velocity, convective velocity and others). The quality of a meteorological preprocessor is one of the main determinants of the overall quality of the air dispersion model, and this is particularly true for the CALPUFF/CALMET modeling system in a wide range of conditions. The main purpose of CALMET is to obtain the best possible meteorological data based on the available information. In particular, CALMET can receive measured data, modeled data (i.e., generated by a meteorological model like MM5 or WRF), or both. When a high-resolution terrain data set is available, CALMET is capable of using this information to estimate local deviations from meteorological data measured or modeled at a coarser resolution (Scire J.S). CALPUFF is a multi-species non-steady-state puff dispersion model that simulates the effects of time and space varying meteorological conditions on pollutant transport, transformation, and removal. CALPUFF allows the use of on-site turbulence measurements of the horizontal and vertical Gaussian dispersion coefficients, but also allows for the use of similarity theory and micrometeorological variables, derived from meteorological observations and surface characteristics, to obtain these coefficients. CALPUFF utilizes a Gaussian puff formulation to calculate the concentration of a pollutant (or spores, in our application) at any given location downwind, and the deposition at users specified locations at ground level (Use of a complex air pollution model to estimate W. Pfender). CALPOST can extract CALPUFF simulation data according to customers demand (Spatial distribution and source analysis of SO2 concentration in Urumqi). 3. Methodology a. Description of study area and model domain Isfahan is located in the central Iran inside the plains stretching along the Zayandeh Rood River. The city is located in a relatively mountainous area in the center of the Iranian Plateau and stretches from the snowy Zagros Mountains in the West to the East and North-central deserts of Iran. There exist a variety of climatic conditions in the city thanks to regions with different altitudes. The outstanding features of Isfahan are little rainfall, average less than 125 mm. Isfahan is located in 32.67N, 51.83E, and elevation 1550-1650 m, with more than 1.7 million population (https://amar.sci.org.ir/index_e.aspx). There are more than a million automotive and heavy duty vehicles using diesels, gasoline, and natural gas in Isfahan. This city is known as the largest industrialized region in Iran, where there are many industrial states, steel companies, and etc. There is also one of the biggest electric power plant of Iran. Shahid-Montazeri steam power plant of Esfahan is located 15 km to the northwest of Isfahan along the Isfahan-Tehran highway next to Isfahan Refinery and Petrochemical Complex in a 2.2 million m2 land (Evaluation of synchronous execution of full repowering and solar assisting in a 200 MW steam power plant, a case study) (Figure 1). This power plant has 8 similar steam units each with a capacity of 200 MW. Montazeri plant is a steam power plant which is recently use natural gas. However, Montazeri uses heavy oil during the cold days due to increasing the domestic heating. The study area is located around as Montazeri power plant, with a total capacity of 1600 MW and two large smoke stacks (205 agl-m height, above ground level meters height and 1725 base elevetion) with four independent liners (one per boiler) in the same concrete shaft that are selected point sources (Figure 2).   Therefore, it should be considered as eight different point sources practically located at the same point; alternatively, it can be considered as a two point sources, with an emission and stack section as the sum of the four liners (Validation of CALMET/CALPUFF model simulations around a large power plant stack). In this study, dispersion of SO2, Nox, and particulate matter (pm10) emitted from the Montazeri power plant over the Esfahan basin was evaluated for two periods of days (from 10 to 31 January 2000). A simulation domain of 100100 km2 was selected by the power plant positioned at the center, in order to cover any pollutant source local impact. This area is divided into 10000 grids, the size of which is 1 km 1 km. The southwest corner of the domain is located at longitude 50.96E, latitude 32.35N. The northeast corner is located at longitude 52.03E, latitude 33.24N and the elevation of the study area varies from 1500 to 2800 m. Table 1 represents the information model input which is used for defining the case study meteorological domain. b. Emission data The main sources of pollutants in Montazeri power plant are resulted from exhaust gases of the stacks which cause air pollution in the power plant area and its surrounding. The values of SO2, NO, NO2 and PM10 emissions from the stacks of Montazeri power plant have been measured by Testo 350-XL device for gases and ISOSTACK BASIC device for particulate maater, during the period of simulation. The data of stack characteristics and the emission rate of the pollutant have been presented in Tables 2. This release huge quantities of sulfur dioxide due to Steam power plants of Iran are not equipped with FGD systems to reduce SO2 emissions, and thereby, the emission factor of this pollutant is only influenced by electricity generation efficiency and sulfur percentage of the consumed heavy oil. In this study, we used data observed from four monitoring station to measure so2, nox and pm 10 (figure 1). Location of the monitoring stations (receptors) has been presented in Cartesian coordinate system in Table 2. Measurements at the monitoring station were done based on the average hour concentrations. c. Meteorological data Surface hourly observations in TD-3505 format were obtained from the Integrated Surface Hourly Database (ISHD) supported by the US National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) . Data was extracted hourly for the entire modeling period from March 10, 2012 at 00h00 UTC to March 12, 2012 at 23h00 LST. Due to the large number of missing data of the other surface meteorological parameters (such as: pressure, ceiling height and cloud cover) only temperature and wind speed were validated.   The purpose of extracting this data was only to evaluate the accuracy of the calmet model to simulate the vertical profiles of wind and temperature. Figure 3 shows the location of the meteorological station used in this study and a description of the surface stations is provided in table 3 d. Modeling approach The initial phase of CALPUFF modeling system involves the derivation of three dimensional meteorological wind fields for the study area using CALMET a diagnostic meteorological model (Estimated Public Health Exposure to H2S Emissions from a Sour Gas Well Blowout in Kaixian County, China). The input of CALMET model includes geophysical data (land use categories and terrain elevations), meteorological data (surface and upper air meteorological observations or meteorological fields generated by prognostic models) (A study of the effects of vehicle emissions on the atmosphere of Sultan Qaboos University in Oman). Due to lack of the surface and upper air meteorological data in the study area we used the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF: version 3.5.1) model to simulate of meteorological conditions. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF), a prognostic meteorological model, was used to calculate the hourly three-dimensional meteorological fields For CALMET model (Applications of WR F/CALPUFF modeling system and multi-monitoring). The WRF model description presented in Table 2. Initial conditions and boundary conditions are provided by the 1.0 degree National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Final Analysis (FNL) at 6-h intervals (Use of high-resolution MM5/CALMET/CALPUFF system: SO2 apportionment to air quality in Hong Kong). Data in WRF output files can be interpreted and converted to a format compatible with CALMET by CALWRF program (Scire et. al.2000b). CALMET requires geophysical data to characterize the terrain and land use parameters that potentially affect dispersion. Terrain features affect flows, create turbulence in the atmosphere, and are potentially subjected to higher concentrations of elevated puffs. Different land use types exhibit variable characteristics such as surface roughness, albedo, Bowen ratio, and leafarea index that also affect turbulence and dispersion (The use of an atmospheric dispersion model to determine influence regions in the Prince George, B.C.). Terrain elevation for the CALMET was obtained using the TERREL processor. The model was executed with terrain maps provided by Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) and the Consortium for Spatial Information (CSI) website (http://www.cgiar-csi.org/data/srtm-90m-digital-elevation-database-v4-1), Data were collected as part of the Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) and processed by CSI into 5 x 5 degree tiles at 90-metre resolution. Land characteristics in the domain were extracted using the CALMET pre-processor CTGPROC. The input land use maps were obtained from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) websites in GeoTIFF format. Terrain characteristics map in the study area has been displayed in Fig. 3. To provide meteorological input to the CALPUFF model, the CALMET diagnostic model and WRF mesoscale prognostic model were coupled. The CALPUFF model uses the output file from CALMET together with source, receptor, and chemical reaction information to predict hourly concentrations. e. Statistical Data Analysis To determine the reliability of the simulation data, verification of simulated values using the WRF and CALMET models was conducted for surface temperature and wind speed at surface monitoring station using several statistical indicators. The statistical verification of model performance in this study was performed using four statistical indicators namely the Bias Error (B), Gross Error (E), Fractional Bias (FB), Normalized Mean Square Error (NMSE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Index of Agreement (IOA). The formulas used to derive these four indicators are given in Equations

Iraq War Is Both Necessary and Justified Essay -- Political Politics

Iraq War Is Both Necessary and Justified This essay is in defense of the Iraqi War. President Bush’s vocal critics state that American troops’ have been sacrificed in the Iraq War. First of all, the word â€Å"sacrifice† means that a person voluntarily does or gives up something at his or her own free will (like a bunt to advance a runner in baseball or Catholics sacrificing and giving up chocolate for Lent). I don’t believe that any of those soldiers that have been killed in the war deliberately intended to die or were â€Å"sacrificed† as Michael Moore has erroneously stated. And I’m sure that if President Bush knew the names of those soldiers that were going to be killed, I’m certain he would have ordered those individuals to stay on U.S. military bases and not engage in combat in Iraq. Secondly, in World War II over 405,000 American military personnel had been killed, and that happens to constitute over 400 times the sacrifice that our nation has made in the combined Afghan/Iraq Wars. And besides that horrendous astronomical figure over 671,000 American soldiers were wounded during WWII. I agree with the anti-war pundits that each American life should be valued, but when you analyze â€Å"sacrifice† in its true context, look to the past to equate the true cost of freedom. The World Trade Center twin-towers catastrophe was very comparable to Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, and in fact more people died on September 11th on U.S. soil than were bombed and killed at Pearl Harbor. Now here’s where the liberal mindset suddenly turns philosophical. â€Å"The Iraq War should not be fought and it cannot be validly compared to WWII,† they will argue. President Bush does not like or want war, but sometimes war is the only viable measure to take. I stro... ... Palestinian suicide/homicide bomber’s family $30,000 of â€Å"oil for food money† just to ensure that terrorism in the Middle East would thrive and continue. The same attitude that prevailed among the demented German Fascists exists among the radical Islamic Fascists: â€Å"Blame it all on the Jews!† The United States of America protects all of the free world including anti-war protestors in Canada, Europe and even here in America. The USA is the greatest force for good the world has ever known, but our nation can only continue being great through strength, economic prosperity, free enterprise and courage to act, to demonstrate leadership and to defend what is right, what is just and what is necessary. And there’s one final thing to say to all anti-war liberals. How much money is Al Qaeda donating to the hurricance victims? Get on the right side of the fence and stay there.

Patient-centred care is a fundamental issue Essay

There are many issues associated with the transition from graduate registered nurse into practicing registered nurse. Recent studies have found the phase to be a stressful period for many graduates the main challenges were fitting into social groups, delegation, hostility and patient-centred care (Rush et al, 2013); (Feng & Tsai 2012). However, research has shown that with appropriate education, guidance and support the transition can create better staff and patient satisfaction, resulting in lower turnover rates (Orsini, 2005). This research highlights the need to develop appropriate pathways and evidence-based management for new graduate nurses. This essay will endeavour to outline the evidence-based practice for the management of patient-centred care and hostility in the workforce, in conjunction with the transitioning to registered nurse phase. It will be centralised around class discussion forums and how they impacted personally (Appendix 2A, 2B, 2C) in order to applicably manag e future situations. Patient-centred care is a fundamental issue which was discussed at great length during one of the forums (Appendix 2A). It seemed most students had their own opinion already formed about patient-centred care and in turn their own experiences. It was a topic which I felt needed further understanding due to a lack of consistency with student viewpoints and due to it being an ill managed issue within healthcare services. A recent study examining the barriers to overcome patient-centred care found that 64% of nurses were aware of deficits in standards of care, but felt they did not have enough time to perform vital nursing tasks such as addressing patient’s concerns and providing relevant information to both the patient and their family (West, Barron, & Reeves, 2005). Furthermore, nurses reported that a lack of staff, space and equipment were also to blame (West, Barron, & Reeves, 2005). Kvale & Bondevik, (2008) state that patient-centred care is a term which is globally used yet it is difficult to define, resulting in challenges in implementing appropriate interventions. This may be a result of patients differing satisfactions and expectations such as personal beliefs, ideas and opinions which are individual (Okougha, 2013). Research suggests that graduate registered nurses require guidance and education in order to gain confidence and empowerment (Glynn & Silva, 2013). A recent study found that when education was provided to nurses in relation to current patient-centred care and how to improve it, 90% of nurses positively changed their behaviour to increase patient satisfaction (Okougha, 2013). As a graduate registered nurse I need to have a profound and comprehensive understanding about patient-centred care and how to implement it in order to provide safe and effective management to all my patients. According to Cronin, (2004) patient-centred care is recognising each patient as an individual; building therapeutic relationships including with family and friends; and involving a multidisciplinary team. This in turn provides differing perspectives on the issue. The World Health Organisation uses the word ‘responsiveness’ in regards to patient centred care and states â€Å"recognising responsiveness is an intrinsic goal of the health care system and reinforces that the health care systems are there to serve the people† (World Health Organisation, 2000). A recent qualitative study examined patient’s perspectives in relation to patient-centred care (Griffiths et al, 2012). It found that although patients were different and required diverse needs, they also shared many similarities such as requiring empathy, listening, communication and non-judgemental patient-centred care (Griffiths et al, 2012). There was also concern if current education can develop a nurs e’s preparedness in delivering quality care (Griffiths et al, 2012). One of the participants stated â€Å"you might be the best clinician in the world but if you can’t communicate and you can’t listen properly to people and you don’t take on board and understand what they’re saying you may as well go dig the street† (Griffiths et al, 2012). Furthermore another participant stated â€Å"†¦each individual should be [evaluated] and their needs be assessed and implemented on that particular individual†¦I just feel it’s a conveyor belt system. Get them in and get them out sort of thing† (Griffiths et al, 2012). In another qualitative review which explored nurse’s perspectives on patient-centred care, suggested time management was the largest barrier preventing them from communicating effectively with their patients (Chan et al, 2012). One nurse stated â€Å"sometimes, I have to deal with 20 patients in one single shift†¦ if one needs 10 minutes and there are 20 patients in total, how much time would we have to spend on this? Don’t we need to do other tasks?† (Chan et al, 2012). According to the Australian Commission on safety and quality in health care, (2011) effective patient-centred care is employed through training health professionals to communicate simple information suc h as pharmaceutical knowledge and provide educational material which increases a patient’s self-assurance and understanding. Additionally, initiating patient surveys is an effective tool in order to determine the most appropriate interventions (Australian Commission on safety and quality in health care, 2011). Current research has found that better patient satisfaction and patient-centred care, results in a decreased length of stay; reduces readmission; decreases rates of hospital acquired infections; and improves preventative services (Boulding et al, 2011); (Flach et al, 2004). It is therefore imperative that all graduate nurses have an understanding about patient-centred care and successfully implement appropriate interventions. Patient-centred care has encouraged me to re-think how I view and treat my patients. Current literature has highlighted the importance that patient-centred care plays in delivering quality and safe care as a graduate registered nurse. In respect to Appendix 1, the toolkit and strategies developed from the discussion forums have provided me with a clearer understanding in how to manage effective patient-centred care. The strategies developed are simple and easy to follow and include recognising each patient as an individual; and focus on communication to build a therapeutic relationship. I now understand the importance of having a structured support network within the workplace in order to maintain regular support and direction. In future practice as a graduate registered nurse I will endeavour to find an appropriate mentor which will provide insightful knowledge and realistic expectations. As stated in Appendix 2A I now recognise it is necessary to have an understanding about patient centred care in order to successfully manage a patient’s individual needs. Without knowledge within this area a nurse is unable to properly care for their patients. Hostility in the workforce was another topic which swayed my attention during the discussion forums (Appendix 2B). It was an issue which I had not considered to be a problem once becoming a registered nurse and working within a professional group. However, as the class discussed their own personal experiences in regards to being a student and coming across hostility, I too remembered that nurses are often intimidating and unapproachable during clinical placements. This issue is important as research has suggested graduate registered nur ses demonstrate vulnerability which can easily lead to bulling or hostility in the workforce (Hickson, 2013). Hostility in the workforce has been viewed as a rite of passage, suggesting new graduates need to experience the language, culture and rules of the workforce (Hickson, 2013). In a study conducted by McKenna et al, (2003) it found many new graduates experienced some form of hostility but due to fear they did not report the occurrence. The study also highlighted that new graduates felt resentment in the form of interpersonal conflicts; blocked learning; emotional neglect; feeling undervalued; lack of supervision; threat of rumours or lies being spread in response to speaking out (McKenna et al, 2003). In another recent study it found that 46% of the nurses identified hostility in the workforce as serious or somewhat serious (Stanley et al, 2007). It also discovered that 65% of the nurses had observed hostile behaviours by fellow co-workers (Stanley et al, 2007). Furthermore, Simon, (2008) revealed that 48% of nurses that were less than five years in a unit were the most frequently bullied. Additionally, 31% of new graduates reported they were bullied significantly generating intent to leave (Simon, 2008). In respect to Appendix 2B, this issue is vitally imp ortant to me as I have seen first-hand how hostility in the nursing environment can occur. I can appreciate that as new graduates we need guidance and support during such a vulnerable transition. I furthermore recognise how hostility and bullying can impact on a nurse’s performance, job satisfaction and patient safety. It is therefore imperative that I have an understanding about appropriate strategies for resolving these issues. According to the American Nurses Association, (2012) any form of abuse against nurses is a violation of inherent worth, dignity and human rights. Also that abusive behaviour by a nurse is viewed as violence against the nursing code of ethics (American Nurses Association, 2012). Growe, (2013) suggests hostility can also be described as bullying, lateral violence, horizontal violence and disruptive behaviour. Additionally, it is behaviour that is persistent and ongoing; unwanted comments or actions affecting a person’s dignity, and overt and covert actions which threaten the performance of a health care worker (Growe, 2013). A study conducted by Kelly and Ahern, (2009) reviewed the perspectives of new graduates in Australia. They discovered there were three key themes which prevented a successful socialisation process (Kelly & Aher n, 2009). They included language barriers, which required the nurses learn the culture of the language; ‘eating their young’ or power games and unpreparedness (Kelly & Ahern, 2009). One graduate nurse stated â€Å"I think that a lot of RN’s out there are on a power trip and think that the best way to teach students is by humiliating them and putting them down as much as possible and saying, surely you know that† (Kelly & Ahern, 2009). Another graduate stated â€Å"The sharpness of some of the staff, the way some of them speak to you has become an increasing burden† (Kelly & Ahern, 2009). In another recent qualitative study, it reviewed registered nurses’ perspectives in regards to graduate nurses (Baumberger-Henry, 2012). It found two themes which involved lacking confidence and fitting in with the units culture (Baumberger-Henry, 2012). One nurse stated â€Å"†¦not knowing what to do and having to request assistance is perceived as a weakness tha t contrasts the need to feel independent†¦keeps the advanced beginner from asking questions, creating a catch 22 situation†¦other nurses view new graduates as weak and burdensome† (Baumberger-Henry, 2012). Another participant stated â€Å"some nurses turn their backs when new graduates ask a question†¦sometimes new graduates don’t make it just because of other personalities†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Baumberger-Henry, 2012). It is clear from the evidence that hostility in the workforce is a widespread issue. Furthermore, it can be seen that graduate registered nurses are the ones most at risk and burdened with this problem. It is therefore necessary that all nurses have an appropriate understanding about how to deal with these situations effectively in order to create job satisfaction. According to Vessey et al, (2012), workplace hostility can be decreased by involving the whole nursing team, providing information on what is good and bad practice, and making the staff more aware of the issue. Hostility in the workforce has made me apprehensive about starting out as a new graduate in the health care setting. However, from current literature I feel more confident in recognising signs of hostility or bullying, and feel capable in addressing the problem with either my mentor, or if applicable, senior staff. From the toolkit in Appendix 1, the strategies were developed for graduate nurses like myself. They suggested simple strategies which may help prevent other nurses from becoming annoyed and frustrated with new graduates. The strategies include using a communication tool such as ‘SBAR’ in order to appropriately address what needs to be done; not to take conflicts personally; know your own scope of practice in order to maintain safe and competent work; skill up to gain additional knowledge and experience; and know your professional boundaries. From the current literature and toolkit strategies I now have a deeper understanding about the impacts of workplace bullying and how it affects graduate nurse’s performance and job satisfaction. By having a clearer understanding a bout the issue I feel confident in being able to apply these strategies when challenged with a similar circumstance. This essay has reviewed the evidence-based practice for the management of patient centred care and hostility in the workforce. It was conducted in conjunction with the transitioning to registered nurse phase. By examining current literature and differing perspectives on these issues, a clearer understanding about their impacts and managements strategies have been developed. It is important that all nurses have an adequate understanding about patient centred care and hostility in the workforce given their impacts on quality patient management and safety. The toolkit in Appendix 1 has provided insightful strategies in order to help graduates deal with these situations once within the workforce. In regards to Appendix 2A and 2B, these topics have provided me with a deeper understanding about expectations as a graduate registered nurse. Additionally, they have allowed me to gain insight and preparedness in relation to entering the workforce. It is evident that having a clear understanding about both issues is vital in order to be successful within nursing in future industries. References American Nurses Association. (2012). Combating Disruptive Behaviours: Strategies to promote a healthy work environment. Retrieved 22/5/2013 from: http://nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/TableofContents/Vol152010/No1Jan2010/Combating-Disruptive-Behaviors.html Australian Commission on safety and quality in health care. (2011). Patient centred care: improving quality and safety through partnerships with patients and concurmers. ACSOQHC, Sydney. Retrieved 24/5/2013 from: http://www.healthissuescentre.org.au/documents/items/2012/02/405982-upload-00001.pdf Baumberger-Henry, M. (2012). Registered nurses’ perspectives on the new graduate working in the emgerncy department or critical care unit. Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 43(7), 299-305.doi:10.3928/00220124-20111115-02 Boulding, W., Glickman, S., Manary, M., Shulman, K., Staelin, R. (2011). Relationship between patient satisfaction with in patient care and hospital readmission with in 30 days. American Journal of Managed Care, 17(1), 41-48 Chan, E., Jones, A., Fung, S., & Wu, S. (2012). Nurses perception of time availability in patient communication in Hong Kong. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 21(7), 1168-1177. Doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011.03841.x Cronin, C. (2004). Patient Centred Care-An overview of Definitions and Concepts. Washington DC: National Health council Feng, R., & Tsai, Y. (2012). Socialisation of new graduate nurses to practising nurses. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 21(13), 2064-2074. Doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011.03992.x Flach, S., McCoy, K., Vaughn, T., Ward, M., Boots-Miler, B., Doebeling, B. (2004). Does Patient centred care improve provision of preventative services? Journal of General Internal Medicine, 19(10), 1019-1026 Glynn, P., & Silva, S. (2013). Meeting the needs of New Graduates in the Emergency Department: A qualitative study evaluating a new graduate internship program. Journal of Emergency Nursing, 39(2), 173-178. Doi:10.1016/j.jen. 2011.10.007 Griffiths, J., Speed, S., Horne, M., & Keeley, P. (2012). A caring professioinal attitude: What service users and carer seek in graduate nurses and the challenge for educators. Nurse Education Today, 32(2), 121-127. Doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2011.06.005 Growe, S. (2013). Bullying/Lateral Violence/ Horizontal Violence/ Distruptive Behavior in the workplace. Nevada Rnformation, 22(1), 6 Henderson S. Power imbalance between nurses and patients: a potential inhibitor of partnership in care. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2003,12(4), 501–8. Hickson, J. (2013). New Nurses’ perceptions of hositilty and job satisfaction: magnet versus non-magnet. The Journal of Nursing Administration, 43(5), doi:10.1097/NNA.0b013e31828eebc9 Kelly, J. & Ahern, K. (2009). Preparing nurses for practice: A phenomenological study of the new graduate in Australia. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 18(6), 910-918. Doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2008.02308.x Kvale, K., & Bondevik, M. (2008). What is important for patient centred care? A qualitative study about the perceptions of patients with cancer. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 22(4), 582-589. Doi:10.1111/j.1471-6712.2007.00579.x McKenna, B., Smith, N., Poole, S., Coverdale, J. (2003). Horizontal violence:experiences of registered nurses in their first year of practic e. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 42(1), 90-96 Okougha, M. (2013). Promoting patient centred care through staff development. Nursing Standard, 27(34), 42-46 Orsini, C. (2005). A nurse transition program for orthopaedics: creating a new culture for nurturing graduate nurses. Orthopaedic Nursing/ National Association of Orthopaedic Nurses, 24(4), 240-246 Rush, K., Adamack, M., Gordon, J., Lilly, M., & Janke, R. (2013). Best practices of formal new graduate nurse transition programs: an integrative review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 50(3), 345-356. Doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2012.06.009 Simon, S. (2008). Workplace Bullying experienced by Massachusetts registered nurses and the relationship to intention to leave the organisation. Advance Nursing Science. 31(2), 48-59 Stanley, K., Martin, M., Michel, Y., Welton, J., Nemeth, L. (2007). Examing lateral violence in the nursing workfoce. Issues Mental Health Nursing. 28(11), 1247-1265 Vessey, J., Demarco, R., Gaffney, D., & Budin, W. (2009). Bullying of staff registered nurses in the workplace: a preliminary study for developing personal and organisation strategies for the transformation of hostile to a healthy eorkplace environments. Journal of Professional Nursing:Offical Journal Of The American Association Of Colleges Of Nursing, 25(5), 299-306. Doi:10.1016/j.profnurs.2009.01.022 West, E., Barron, D., & Reeves, R. (2005). Overcoming the barriers to patient-centred care: time, tools and training. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 14(4), 435-443. Doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2004.01091.x World Health Organisation. (2000). The World Health Report 2000- Health System: Improving Performance. Geneva, World Health Organisation, 1-215 Appendix 1 Discussion Forum 1 – Learning and Teaching being a teacher and a learner in a health care environment 1. List strategies that can reassure a graduate registered nurse that a patient’s learning needs are met | Strategy | Rationale| 1.| Build rapport.| This reduces fear and anxiety, allowing patients to ask more questions and be involved in their own treatment.| 2.| Get them to repeat what you say in their own words.| This reassures they have understood what you have explained.| 3.| Write important information down and/or provide educational material.| This allows patients to reflect on information in their own time.| 4.| Ask the patient what the need clarifying.| Some patient may withdraw from asking simple questions as nurses appear too busy. | 5.| | | 2. List strategies that will ensure that a graduate registered nurse can be a lifelong learner in a health care setting | Strategy | Rationale| 1.| Communicate clearly| To improve interprofessional communication; increases trust and respect. | 2.| Recognise each patient as an individual with their own needs| To develop quality patient centered care.| 3.| Focus on patient centered communication to build therapeutic relationships| This help improve effective patient centered care and provides and safe and quality nursing.| 4.| Create a career vision| Provides a pathway in which goals can then be developed and attained.| 5.| Develop a professional portfolio| Provides a reference point to store and sort important information and documents.| Discussion Forum 2 Workforce issues and challenges 1. List strategies that will ensure that a graduate registered nurses are effective team members | Strategy | Rationale| 1.| Participate in further education| Shows enthusiasm and provides further knowledge.| 2.| Seek critical feedback from senior staff| Outlines how one is perceived and thus they will have a deeper understanding about themselves.| 3.| Always use professional and polite language. | Encourages rapport and friendliness within the staff| 4.| | | 5.| | | 2. List strategies that a graduate registered nurse can use to reduce their theory practice gap. Give a GRN specific rationale to support each strategy | Strategy | Rationale| 1.| Establish a bond with a mentor or preceptor.| As a GRN this will provide support and guidance in order to applicable use theory in practice.| 2.| Develop effective communication skills.| This establishes rapport with patients and other colleagues. | 3.| Write reflections.| Allows GRN to identify their strengths and weakness | 4.| Skill up where possible| This provide GRN with further knowledge and understand in a particular field| 5.| | | Discussion Forum 3 Workplace issues and challenges 1. List strategies that will empower a graduate registered nurse to work effectively in a hostile and aggressive environment | Strategy | Rationale| 1.| Assertive communication| By using communication tools and assertive language, GRN can effectively explain what it is they need in a professional manner. | 2.| Scope of practice| It’s important to know one’s own scope of practice in order to provide safe and quality nursing care.| 3.| Professional Boundaries| Important in order to not cross any professional boundaries, impacting on employment status.| 4.| Know where to report in your health facility| Many healthcare setting have their own way of reporting workplace violence, so it’s important to know how to manage the situation. | 5.| Mediate – â€Å"in house†| this is generally the first step, talking to the NUM, in order to try to resolve the issue before it get too out of control| 2. List strategies that a graduate registered nurse can use to delegate tasks effectively | Strategy | Rationale| 1.| Delegate to the right person| Important to know their competencies and qualifications, this can be achieved simply by asking.| 2.| Make sure timing is right| Be sure not to delegate to a person who appears very busy as this can cause conflicts and also poor management.| 3.| Use appropriate positive words| Provide the reason why you need the help and why you cannot complete it, in order for the other person to fully understand. | 4.| Never redo delegated tasks| As this will diminish authority and allow other nurses to ‘walk over’ you. | 5.| | | Discussion Forum 4 Ethical and Legal Issues and Challenges 1. List strategies that will empower a graduate registered nurse to transition effectively to their new roles and responsibilities | Strategy | Rationale| 1.| Find a mentor.| Provides necessary leadership, support and guidance.| 2.| Develop good organisational skills.| This increase time management and maintains patient safety.| 3.| Never be afraid to ask questions| This increases knowledge and understanding and thus decreases adverse events.| 4.| Understand yourself and limitations.| Helps to identify what learning pathways may need to be further established.| 5.| | | 2. List strategies that a graduate registered nurse can use to advocate for best practice policies to be followed | Strategy | Rationale| 1.| Know when to partake in mandatory reporting| Important in order to provide safe nursing practice.| 2.| Know who to talk to if a problem arises in the workforce| Provides a support network. | 3.| Seek advice from regulatory councils| Provides further knowledge and guidance into a situation in regards to the law. | 4.| Collaborate as an interdisciplinary team| This provides safe and effective care to all patients. | 5.| | | Appendix 2A Reflection: Patient-Centred Care During the discussion forums in my tutorial class, patient-centred care was one of the topics which grasped my attention. The forum provided an insight into what is involved in patient-centred and examined some effective strategies. I found this topic interesting as the class shared their experiences and viewpoints on the issue. One participant shared that when recently working in aged care as an assistant nurse, patient care was often carried out in regards to time restraints and thus resulting in patients being rushed through their daily cares and/or being woken up very early to accommodate nursing staff. I found this very worrying as I don’t believe that the described experience is appropriate patient-centred care and therefore these aged care patients are not being effectively cared for. However, it also made me wonder where else in the clinical setting is patient-centred care being ill-managed? The discussion forum outlined that patient centred care is providing adequate cares, gathering appropriate information, respecting values, educating the patient, involving their family and friends and providing emotional support. Also, without knowledge within this area, a nurse is unable to successfully care and manage their patients. It is important to have an understanding about patient centred care in nursing as effectively that’s what nurses should be advocating. Patient centred-care is individual and requires building a therapeutic relationship to allow the patient be actively involved. Additionally, patient-centred care is vital role in providing safe and appropriate treatment to all patients. This forum topic has provided me with a deeper understanding about the importance patient centred care in order to be a